 
          Charlie Duckworth points out that even with the wide variety
        
        
          of commercial ballast available, it rarely matches well enough
        
        
          to satisfy people modeling from photos of the real thing.
        
        
          “The Mopac branchline I model was originally ballasted with
        
        
          cinders,” Charlie said. “When I first started putting them down I
        
        
          didn’t like the stark blackness so I did two things. I added a lit-
        
        
          tle brown and gray ballast, and  I add a few drops of my acrylic
        
        
          dirt color in the glue mix,  which tones down the black cin-
        
        
          ders and blends with the surrounding dirt color on the layout.
        
        
          Last step is to sprinkle a little ground foam over the ballast to
        
        
          denote a few weeds growing up between the ties.”
        
        
          Charlie’s central Missouri Ozarks can be seen at
        
        
        
        
          and in “Model Railroad Planning 2010” from Kalmbach.
        
        
          For people who don’t want to deal with the fumes from alco-
        
        
          hol, Cajon Pass John reports good results dampening the dry
        
        
          ballast with just water and the Super Wet additive from Scenic
        
        
          Express in a dollar shop hairspray mister. Peter F. uses Rain-X
        
        
          for the same purpose.
        
        
          You can read the original Model Railroad Hobbyist Forum
        
        
          thread on ballasting techniques at:
        
        
        
          .
        
        
          
            – MRH
          
        
        
          
            Q.
          
        
        
          
            Out railfanning, I saw a square sign with yellow and red
          
        
        
          
            diamond shapes stuck into the roadbed. What are these for?
          
        
        
          
            A.
          
        
        
          The yellow-red sign is one of several temporary or perma-
        
        
          nent signs that instruct train and engine crews. Yellow-red is
        
        
          covered by Rule 12A (in the Union Pacific’s May 1, 1972 rule-
        
        
          book and many others), which says: